从早期图像处理到现代计算成像，成功的模型和算法都依赖于自然信号的基本属性：对称性。在这里，对称是指信号集的不变性属性，例如翻译，旋转或缩放等转换。对称性也可以以模棱两可的形式纳入深度神经网络中，从而可以进行更多的数据效率学习。虽然近年来端到端的图像分类网络的设计方面取得了重要进展，但计算成像引入了对等效网络解决方案的独特挑战，因为我们通常只通过一些嘈杂的不良反向操作员观察图像，可能不是均等的。我们回顾了现象成像的新兴领域，并展示它如何提供改进的概括和新成像机会。在此过程中，我们展示了采集物理学与小组动作之间的相互作用，以及与迭代重建，盲目的压缩感应和自我监督学习之间的联系。

在许多现实世界中，只有不完整的测量数据可用于培训，这可能会带来学习重建功能的问题。实际上，通常不可能使用固定的不完整测量过程学习，因为测量运算符的无信息中没有信息。可以通过使用来自多个操作员的测量来克服此限制。尽管该想法已成功地应用于各种应用中，但仍缺乏对学习条件的精确表征。在本文中，我们通过提出必要和充分的条件来学习重建所需的基本信号模型，以指示不同测量运算符数量之间的相互作用，每个操作员的测量数量，模型的尺寸和尺寸之间的相互作用。信号。此外，我们提出了一个新颖且概念上简单的无监督学习损失，该损失仅需要访问不完整的测量数据，并在验证足够的条件时与受监督学习的表现达到相同的表现。我们通过一系列有关各种成像逆问题的实验，例如加速磁共振成像，压缩感测和图像介入，通过一系列实验来验证我们的理论界限，并证明了与以前的方法相比，提出的无监督损失的优势。

深网络提供从医学成像到计算摄影的多重成像逆问题的最先进的性能。但是，大多数现有网络都是用清洁信号训练，这些信号通常很难或无法获得。近来的成像（EI）是最近的自我监督的学习框架，其利用信号分布中存在的组不变性，以仅从部分测量数据中学习重建功能。虽然EI结果令人印象深刻，但其性能随着噪音的增加而劣化。在本文中，我们提出了一种强大的成像（REI）框架，其可以学习从嘈杂的部分测量单独学习图像。该方法采用Stein的无偏见风险估算器（肯定）获得完全无偏见的训练损失，这是对噪声强大的。我们表明REI导致线性和非线性逆问题导致相当大的性能收益，从而为具有深网络的稳健无监督成像铺平了道路。代码可在：https://github.com/edongdongchen/rei。

用于神经形态计算的生物学启发的尖峰神经元是具有动态状态变量的非线性滤波器 - 与深度学习中使用的无状态神经元模型非常不同。 Notel Intel的神经形态研究处理器Loihi 2的下一个版本支持各种具有完全可编程动态的最有状态尖峰神经元模型。在这里，我们展示了先进的尖峰神经元模型，可用于有效地处理仿真Loihi 2硬件的仿真实验中的流数据。在一个示例中，共振和火（RF）神经元用于计算短时间傅里叶变换（STFT），其具有类似的计算复杂度，但是输出带宽的47倍而不是传统的STFT。在另一个例子中，我们描述了一种使用时间率RF神经元的光学流量估计算法，其需要比传统的基于DNN的解决方案超过90倍。我们还展示了有前途的初步结果，使用BackPropagation培训RF神经元进行音频分类任务。最后，我们表明，跳跃的血管谐振器 - RF神经元的变体 - 重复耳蜗的新特性，并激励一种有效的基于尖峰的谱图编码器。

As the number of distributed services (or microservices) of cloud-native applications grows, resource management becomes a challenging task. These applications tend to be user-facing and latency-sensitive, and our goal is to continuously minimize the amount of CPU resources allocated while still satisfying the application latency SLO. Although previous efforts have proposed simple heuristics and sophisticated ML-based techniques, we believe that a practical resource manager should accurately scale CPU resources for diverse applications, with minimum human efforts and operation overheads. To this end, we ask: can we systematically break resource management down to subproblems solvable by practical policies? Based on the notion of CPU-throttle-based performance target, we decouple the mechanisms of SLO feedback and resource control, and implement a two-level framework -- Autothrottle. It combines a lightweight learned controller at the global level, and agile per-microservice controllers at the local level. We evaluate Autothrottle on three microservice applications, with both short-term and 21-day production workload traces. Empirical results show Autothrottle's superior CPU core savings up to 26.21% over the best-performing baselines across applications, while maintaining the latency SLO.

Much of the information of breathing is contained within the photoplethysmography (PPG) signal, through changes in venous blood flow, heart rate and stroke volume. We aim to leverage this fact, by employing a novel deep learning framework which is a based on a repurposed convolutional autoencoder. Our model aims to encode all of the relevant respiratory information contained within photoplethysmography waveform, and decode it into a waveform that is similar to a gold standard respiratory reference. The model is employed on two photoplethysmography data sets, namely Capnobase and BIDMC. We show that the model is capable of producing respiratory waveforms that approach the gold standard, while in turn producing state of the art respiratory rate estimates. We also show that when it comes to capturing more advanced respiratory waveform characteristics such as duty cycle, our model is for the most part unsuccessful. A suggested reason for this, in light of a previous study on in-ear PPG, is that the respiratory variations in finger-PPG are far weaker compared with other recording locations. Importantly, our model can perform these waveform estimates in a fraction of a millisecond, giving it the capacity to produce over 6 hours of respiratory waveforms in a single second. Moreover, we attempt to interpret the behaviour of the kernel weights within the model, showing that in part our model intuitively selects different breathing frequencies. The model proposed in this work could help to improve the usefulness of consumer PPG-based wearables for medical applications, where detailed respiratory information is required.

To reproduce the success of text-to-image (T2I) generation, recent works in text-to-video (T2V) generation employ large-scale text-video dataset for fine-tuning. However, such paradigm is computationally expensive. Humans have the amazing ability to learn new visual concepts from just one single exemplar. We hereby study a new T2V generation problem$\unicode{x2014}$One-Shot Video Generation, where only a single text-video pair is presented for training an open-domain T2V generator. Intuitively, we propose to adapt the T2I diffusion model pretrained on massive image data for T2V generation. We make two key observations: 1) T2I models are able to generate images that align well with the verb terms; 2) extending T2I models to generate multiple images concurrently exhibits surprisingly good content consistency. To further learn continuous motion, we propose Tune-A-Video with a tailored Sparse-Causal Attention, which generates videos from text prompts via an efficient one-shot tuning of pretrained T2I diffusion models. Tune-A-Video is capable of producing temporally-coherent videos over various applications such as change of subject or background, attribute editing, style transfer, demonstrating the versatility and effectiveness of our method.

Neural image classifiers are known to undergo severe performance degradation when exposed to input that exhibits covariate-shift with respect to the training distribution. Successful hand-crafted augmentation pipelines aim at either approximating the expected test domain conditions or to perturb the features that are specific to the training environment. The development of effective pipelines is typically cumbersome, and produce transformations whose impact on the classifier performance are hard to understand and control. In this paper, we show that recent Text-to-Image (T2I) generators' ability to simulate image interventions via natural-language prompts can be leveraged to train more robust models, offering a more interpretable and controllable alternative to traditional augmentation methods. We find that a variety of prompting mechanisms are effective for producing synthetic training data sufficient to achieve state-of-the-art performance in widely-adopted domain-generalization benchmarks and reduce classifiers' dependency on spurious features. Our work suggests that further progress in T2I generation and a tighter integration with other research fields may represent a significant step towards the development of more robust machine learning systems.

Vision-Language Pre-Training (VLP) has shown promising capabilities to align image and text pairs, facilitating a broad variety of cross-modal learning tasks. However, we observe that VLP models often lack the visual grounding/localization capability which is critical for many downstream tasks such as visual reasoning. In this work, we propose a novel Position-guided Text Prompt (PTP) paradigm to enhance the visual grounding ability of cross-modal models trained with VLP. Specifically, in the VLP phase, PTP divides the image into $N\times N$ blocks, and identifies the objects in each block through the widely used object detector in VLP. It then reformulates the visual grounding task into a fill-in-the-blank problem given a PTP by encouraging the model to predict the objects in the given blocks or regress the blocks of a given object, e.g. filling `P" or ``O" in aPTP ``The block P has a O". This mechanism improves the visual grounding capability of VLP models and thus helps them better handle various downstream tasks. By introducing PTP into several state-of-the-art VLP frameworks, we observe consistently significant improvements across representative cross-modal learning model architectures and several benchmarks, e.g. zero-shot Flickr30K Retrieval (+4.8 in average recall@1) for ViLT \cite{vilt} baseline, and COCO Captioning (+5.3 in CIDEr) for SOTA BLIP \cite{blip} baseline. Moreover, PTP achieves comparable results with object-detector based methods, and much faster inference speed since PTP discards its object detector for inference while the later cannot. Our code and pre-trained weight will be released at \url{https://github.com/sail-sg/ptp}.

To build Video Question Answering (VideoQA) systems capable of assisting humans in daily activities, seeking answers from long-form videos with diverse and complex events is a must. Existing multi-modal VQA models achieve promising performance on images or short video clips, especially with the recent success of large-scale multi-modal pre-training. However, when extending these methods to long-form videos, new challenges arise. On the one hand, using a dense video sampling strategy is computationally prohibitive. On the other hand, methods relying on sparse sampling struggle in scenarios where multi-event and multi-granularity visual reasoning are required. In this work, we introduce a new model named Multi-modal Iterative Spatial-temporal Transformer (MIST) to better adapt pre-trained models for long-form VideoQA. Specifically, MIST decomposes traditional dense spatial-temporal self-attention into cascaded segment and region selection modules that adaptively select frames and image regions that are closely relevant to the question itself. Visual concepts at different granularities are then processed efficiently through an attention module. In addition, MIST iteratively conducts selection and attention over multiple layers to support reasoning over multiple events. The experimental results on four VideoQA datasets, including AGQA, NExT-QA, STAR, and Env-QA, show that MIST achieves state-of-the-art performance and is superior at computation efficiency and interpretability.